COVID-19 effect: Profile of student learning motivation during online learning

Purpose: This study aims to describe the profile of students' learning motivation in online learning and compare intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Furthermore, the research also seeks to examine the development of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation over time during online learning. Design/Methodology/Approach: This survey research was conducted for mathematics learning at the Vocational High School level, involving a sample of 218 students selected by multistage random sampling technique. Questionnaires were administered periodically three times at an interval of six weeks. Data were analyzed using profile analysis. Findings: The analysis revealed that the intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions of students' learning motivation tend to be parallel, with the intrinsic dimension being higher than the extrinsic dimension. The period of time also affects the development of students' learning motivation, both for the intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of independent learning activities in online learning, which tend to develop and encourage the growth of internal motivation, essential for lifelong learning. Teachers are recommended to apply various learning theories in the digital era to increase students' internal and external motivation. In addition to well-designed learning materials, the effectiveness of online learning also depends on motivating interactions between instructors and students. Well-designed materials supported by a variety of communication media make online learning very beneficial. © 2023 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Perception of Green Product Consumption in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in an Emerging Economy

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in changes in consumer behavior and has created new opportunities and challenges for the provisioning of green products in emerging economies. The objective of this study was to identify how perceptions on COVID-19 affected the variables of planned behavior and responsible purchase intention during the pandemic in Colombia. A total of 320 consumers participated in an online survey, and the responses were analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM) and AMOS 24 statistical software. The results were positive regarding the development of better environmental awareness, indicating that COVID-19 (COV) influenced the attitude (ATT) of individuals and contributed to subjective norms (SNs) and perceived behavioral control (PBC), and that SNs and ATT influence eco-friendly purchase intention (EFPI). However, PBC does not contribute to EFPI. Colombian consumers have become aware of the importance to society of buying eco-friendly products, and planned behavior is an opportunity for organizations to formulate new portfolios relevant to the needs of the market. This is an important opportunity to sensitize consumers to the purchase of environmentally friendly products and for the identification of commercial strategies by companies that bet on the formulation and commercialization of eco-friendly portfolios that generate value for society.

A nontraumatic, right-sided diaphragmatic hernia in an adult diagnosed during an asthma attack

Case report We present a rare case of a right-sided diaphragmatic herniation of the ascending colon, in a 76-year-old asthmatic patient with a non-congenital diaphragmatic hernia, no history of trauma, surgery, or radiation. The patient presented at the emergency room with dyspnea, non-productive cough, wheezing, tachypnea, tight chest, respiratory failure. This patient has a 40-year history of severe persistent extrinsic asthma, treated with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids and LABA. Before the pandemic, this patient was hospitalized 3-4 times a year for her asthma attacks, but in the last 2 years, due to Covid-19, the patient was not hospitalized, resulting in uncontrolled asthma with daily symptoms. During the hospitalization, chest radiography was performed where the hernia was suspected and confirmed by a CT Scan. Despite the diagnosis of diaphragmatic herniation, she was clinically better with the proper asthma treatment and after consulting with her family she refused the intervention to correct the hernia. She has had two vaginal deliveries, no malignancies, no trauma, no intervention in her life. In this case, the only possible cause for the herniation of the colon is persistent cough combined with advanced age, chronic steroid use, and obstructive lung disease. Non-traumatic, right-sided diaphragmatic hernia of the colon in adults is very rare. Persistent cough with other predisposing conditions of this patient is the cause of this herniation. The chest X-ray and CT were essential for making the diagnosis. Rare hernias like this should be kept in mind when coming to a diagnosis.

Selfishness and consumer ethics: Does (non)religiosity matter?

During the COVID-19 pandemic, frenzied selfishness and panic buying have dominated headlines around the globe. When people hoard supplies, others (including the needy and vulnerable people) cannot find necessities. Despite repeated calls from leaders, people worldwide continue to hoard supplies, and millions of people ignore coronavirus concerns, including churches. Hence, the purpose of this study is first to investigate the impact of consumers' (non) religiosity on selfishness and, subsequently, the impact of selfishness on consumers' ethical beliefs. Secondly, we explore do people's religiosity matters? Are religious people more ethical and less selfish than atheists or vice versa? This study uses the convenience sampling approach to investigate consumers' ethical beliefs. The sample was collected through Amazon M-Turk and totaled 235 responses. The results show that consumers' intrinsic religiosity did not significantly influence consumers' selfishness. Furthermore, extrinsic religiosity and atheism positively influence consumers' selfishness. Finally, the results show that selfishness is prevalent in every group irrespective of the group's belief or nonbelief status. The results indicate that when exploring consumer ethics, the key measure should not only focus on consumers' religiousness or lack of religiousness but, instead, it should also include consumers' selfishness. This study offers several implications for non-profit organizations dealing with ethical issues, and secondly, the study will have implications for ethical education among religious or non-religious consumers. Originality/value-This is one of the first few studies investigating the impact of consumers' religiosity on selfishness. In addition, this study investigates differences between religious and non-religious consumers on consumer ethics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

DNN and Model Combined Passive Localization and Social Distancing with Partial Inertial Aiding

At the outbreak of COVID-19, researchers worldwide are seeking approaches to containing this disease. It is necessary to monitor social distance in enclosed public areas, such as subways or shopping malls. Passive localization, such as surveillance cameras, is a natural candidate for this issue, which is meaningful for rapid response to finding the infected suspect. However, the latest surveillance camera system is rotatable, even movable. And it is impossible for professionals to regularly calibrate the extrinsic parameters in a large-scale application, like COVID-19 suspect monitoring. We propose an inertial-aided passive localization method using surveillance camera for social distance measurement without the necessity to obtain extrinsic parameters. Moreover, the hardware modification cost of the off-the-shelf commercial camera is low, which suits the immediate application. The method uses SGBM (Semi-Global Block Matching) for 3D reconstruction and combines YOLOv3 and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering algorithm to extract pedestrian point clouds in real time. Combining the 2D DNN-based and model-based methods makes a better balance between the computational load and the detection accuracy than end-to-end 3D DNN-based method. The inertial sensor provides an extra observation for the coordinate transformation from the camera frame into the world ground frame. Results show we can get a decimeter-level social distancing accuracy under noisy background and foreground environments at a low cost, which is promising for urgent COVID-19 public area monitoring. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Training effectiveness and organizational learning: Evidence from Vietnam's hospitality industry

PurposeThis paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.Design/methodology/approachThis briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.FindingsThe results suggest that organizations should develop a systematic process for training and should measure the effectiveness of the training they organize;not all training will lead to the desired learning outcomes.Originality/valueThe briefing saves busy executives, strategists and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

The relationship between student motivation and academic performance: the mediating role of online learning behavior

Purpose: This paper aims to use a quantitative approach to explore the role of online learning behavior in students' academic performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the authors probe its mediating effect in the relationship between student motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic) and academic performance in a blended learning context. Design/methodology/approach: Survey data were collected from 148 students taking an organizational behavior course at one Chinese university. The data were paired and analyzed through regression analysis. Findings: The results show that students should actively engage in online learning behavior to maximize the effects of blended learning. Extrinsic motivation was found to positively influence academic performance both directly and indirectly through online learning behavior, while intrinsic motivation affected academic performance only indirectly. Originality/value: Through paired data on extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, online learning behavior and academic performance, this study provides a more nuanced understanding of how online learning behavior affects the focal relationship, and it advances research on the mechanisms underlying the focal relationship. Practitioners should enhance students' online learning behavior to boost blended learning effects during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Retaining nurses via organizational support and pay during COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating effect between intrinsic and extrinsic incentives.

AIM: There has been growing concern about the nurses' turnover intention as well as life satisfaction during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. The past research has provided evidence on the effect of organizational support on nurses' job satisfaction and turnover intention. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism behind these associations. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken. METHODS: An online survey was conducted in Iran from May to June 2020 through Google Docs Forms. In total, 305 nurses were participated and completed the online survey. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling through (AMOS). This study was checked with the STROBE checklist. RESULT: The results showed that nurses' perception of organizational support was positively related to their job satisfaction which in turn decreases the turnover intention. Likewise, the job satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between organizational support and nurses' life satisfaction.

The influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors on e-WOM behaviour: The role of psychological impact during the time of COVID-19 crisis.

This investigation unearths the trait antecedents of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational drivers and their consequences on attitude towards e-WOM of social mobile app users. Additionally, this study attempts to explore the moderating role of psychological impact on attitude towards e-WOM when COVID-19 is ravaging the world. Following the descriptive research method, the survey was carried out among convenience sample respondents of 627 social mobile app users. The outcome brought out that extraversion had a favourable influence on opinion leadership, customer engagement, and self-expression for sharing consumption related information during the pandemic. Likewise, materialism also had a strong effect on self-expression. Nonetheless, extraversion and materialism failed to affect self-presentation motives. And, self-presentation was observed influencing attitude towards e-WOM negatively. The outcome of the study demonstrates that individuals with high psychological impact have a strong motivation to involve in customer engagement to participate in e-WOM communication. Motivational drivers such as self-expression, opinion leadership, and customer engagement had a significant effect on attitude towards e-WOM for the whole sample analysis. This investigation contributes to existing literature of e-WOM behaviour and widens the scope of self-presentation theory, social exchange theory, theory of planned behaviour etc. Finally, this research also assists marketers and practitioners to take better decision-making on developing a social media advertising and campaign using the framework.

Understanding college students' continuous usage intention of asynchronous online courses through extended technology acceptance model.

Asynchronous online learning has gained great popularity in higher education, especially due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic. However, few studies have investigated how to maintain students' continuous usage intention of asynchronous online courses in the context of higher education. This study incorporated four key factors (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, perception of multiple sources, and cognitive engagement) associated with students' continuous usage intention of asynchronous online courses into technology acceptance model (TAM) to identify the influencing factors on students' continuous usage intention. A survey with 325 college students was conducted to explore their continuous usage intention of asynchronous online courses and structural equation modeling analysis was carried out to analyze the relationships between the key influencing factors and students' continuous usage intention. The results showed that cognitive engagement was the only factor that directly related to continuous usage intention. Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and perception of multiple sources indirectly correlated with students' continuous usage intention through different pathways. The results of the study have several theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, the study verified what key learning factors incorporated into TAM and in what way they relate to the continuous usage intention of asynchronous online courses. Practically, the present study indicated that it is required to take intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, perception of multiple sources, cognitive engagement and TAM into consideration when designing and conducting asynchronous online learning courses to ensure college students' continuous usage intention of asynchronous online courses.

Examining online learning platform characteristics and employee engagement relationship during Covid-19

PurposeAs work-from-home policies were being implemented during Covid-19, organizations have been migrating their learning and development programs to digital platforms. This study aims to understand the role of employees' perceptions about four key attributes of online learning platforms (OLPs), namely, online environment, ease of use, online content (OC) and online engagement anchors in their levels of work engagement (WE). Further, it also investigates how the personality attributes of the employees and financial incentives for online learning influence this relationship. Design/methodology/approachUsing the snowball sampling technique, online questionnaires were distributed to about 350 employees in four IT firms in India who were working from home during the Covid-19 period. The total number of valid responses was 306 and consisted of software developers, technical leads, process specialists, testers and managers. The analysis was done using Python software (V.3.7.4) packages and Process Macro (pyprocessmacro V.1.0.8) developed for Python. FindingsPerceived OLP features significantly influence employee WE. OC and ease of use are significant influencers of employee WE. The perception of OLP features indirectly affects WE through the learner's personality characteristics. Moreover, the financial incentive to learn online shares a negative interaction effect with OLP features to influence WE. Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the existing literature on virtual knowledge management by identifying the driving factors that reinforce the acceptance of OLPs. Moreover, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to link online learning management system key characteristics with employee outcome as engagement. Most of the previous work has ignored exploring such a relationship in an organizational setting.

Antibody Dependent Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Era of Rapid Vaccine Development.

Background: Antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) is a unique immunopathological phenomenon in which pre-existing immunity to a viral agent accentuate disease severity upon secondary exposure. Multiple viruses have been shown to demsotrate ADE with no clear understanding of the underlying mechansims. Recently, with the emeregence of Sever acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV2) and the need for rapid vaccine prodcution, ADE have emerged as an important issue that need to be assessed. Objective: The aim of this study was to review ADE, proposed mechanisms and impact of ADE in the era of rapid SARS-CoV2 vaccine production. Methods: Review of existing published literature on ADE and SARS-CoV2 and identify facts that support or otherwise contradict the impact of ADE on SARS-CoV2 vaccination. Results: SARS-CoV2 demonstrate high genetic homology to other members of the Coronaviridae viral family and animal studies and studies on SARS-CoV, another member of the Coronaviridae have been shown to induce ADE. In addition sever SARS-CoV2 infection have been associated with high antibody titer. Yet vaccine efficacy studies and studies on breakthrough infection showed reduced severity in individual with preexisting immunity. Conclusion: Although evidence exist to support ADE in SARS-CoV2, multiple studies do not support its occurrence, indicating the need for more case control studies to understand the role of high antibody titer and disease severity and compare disease severity in patient with preexisting immunity vs naïve individuals.

Motivations to Participate in Transdisciplinary COVID-19 Projects

Transdisciplinary projects claim to be driven by societal needs and hence it would be expected that motivations are driven by the societal and project beneficiaries. Projects conducted in respect of COVID-19 instinctively meet transdisciplinary status with societal benefit being paramount. This paper presents an analysis of six transdisciplinary COVID-19 projects, assessing the motivations of twenty-nine participants involved. Primary data was collated through semi-structured individual interviews and thematic analysis was used to evaluate the reasons for individual participation. The findings show that of the motivations for participation, ethical motivation was 16%, personal fulfilment was 21% and being able to help was 19%. The extrinsic motivations such as expected rewards and benefits was still present but remained very low at 6%. The qualitative responses from the interviews give an indication that although a societal challenge, the motivations remained more of a personal nature aligning with the societal need. © 2022 The authors and IOS Press.

New tools for online teaching and their impact on student learning

In the context of the global Covid-19 crisis, a practical introductory Geosciences course was redesigned to aid student learning in a 100% virtual format. New materials were created to i) improve disciplinary language range and concept acquisition;ii) make classes more dynamic;iii) provide tools for self-regulated learning and assessment and iv) maintain student motivation. Usefulness of the new materials was evaluated using a voluntary online survey that was answered by 40% of the students. Additional information was obtained from the university's student evaluation survey. All tools were well-rated, but self-assessment quizzes and class presentations had the highest overall scores. Students commented on their usefulness in terms of knowledge acquisition and self-assessment. Perhaps not surprisingly, self-assessment quizzes were the one tool students felt kept them more motivated. These were closely followed by class presentations and short inclass quizzes. Students found the online access to all lesson materials very useful for self-paced learning. According to a majority of students, the in-class quizzes and student participation using the digital the whiteboard made classes more dynamic. Overall, the new strategies succeeded in improving students' learning and independence, but more work is needed to make classes more dynamic, and especially to improve student motivation. Intrinsic motivation is perhaps the most difficult to improve because in a 100% virtual course, it is difficult to promote student-student interactions and receive visual feedback from the class. In view of the survey results, we introduce bonus activities in order to improve extrinsic motivation.

A Sensitive Approach to Managing Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an immunologically mediated disorder that typically presents as a case of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in response to any identified or unidentified antigen. We present a case of a 46-year-old female with HP, who presented with fever and shortness of breath. Although negative by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), her condition was initially diagnosed as COVID-19 clinically as a result of anchoring bias due to similar symptoms and radiologic features presenting in the pandemic. A detailed further probing into history revealed the diagnosis of HP due to cat hair, and hence, was managed accordingly.

Effects of leadership and reward systems on employees' motivation and job satisfaction: an application to the Portuguese textile industry

Purpose>This study explores the perception of employees in textile industry firms in Northern Portugal regarding the influence of leadership and reward systems (RS) on their motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) and job satisfaction (JS).Design/methodology/approach>A questionnaire was addressed to the employees of 12 firms, obtaining a sample of 256 valid responses, for which a structural equation model was estimated.Findings>The results showed that leadership and RS influence JS only through the mediating effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Originality/value>This study makes empirical and theoretical contributions, testing the relationship between leadership and employees' JS and how this relationship can be mediated by RS, and motivation – both intrinsic and extrinsic. Moreover, this study was conducted in Portugal, country where these issues have not been researched jointly before.

Comparison of Academic Motivation between Business and Healthcare Students in Online Learning: A Concurrent Nested Mixed-Method Study.

While the demand for online education and the diversity of online students have been increasing worldwide, how online students motivate themselves to continuously engage in learning remains to be appraised. Research in the face-to-face contexts reports that academic motivation is central to student success and wellbeing, and the type of motivation can differ by subject. In particular, the motivation of business students and healthcare students can differ considerably. This study aimed to understand the motivation of online students, and compare them between business and healthcare students using a concurrent nested mixed-method design with correlation and thematic analyses. A survey regarding motivation, learning enjoyment, and study willingness was responded to by 120 online students (61 business and 59 healthcare). Business students were associated with extrinsic motivation, whereas healthcare students were associated with intrinsic motivation. While students in both groups enjoyed the pursuit of knowledge, healthcare students valued the process and accomplishment, whereas business students regarded education as steppingstones in their careers. Findings can help educators develop effective motivational support for these student groups.

Practice habits and motivation: A qualitative descriptive study of graduate instrumentalists

The purpose of this study was to examine graduate instrumentalists' practice habits, motivation orientations, and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on their instrumental practice. Data were collected for this qualitative descriptive study through four participants' videotaped practice recordings (N = 4), video-stimulated recall (n = 4), semi-structured interviews (n = 4), and a questionnaire (n = 4) about practice strategies adopted and motivation orientations. Four themes were emergent including (a) task-oriented practice routines, (b) solution-oriented approaches, (c) mixed motivations, and (d) challenges faced during COVID-19 pandemic. Results indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted graduate instrumentalists' practice progress and psychological state. Their experience could be a reference for other instrumentalists in applying effective practice strategies and achieving strong and independent musicianship. The findings of this study also suggested that instrumental instructors may consider encouraging their students to flexibly plan practice routines and give priority to short-term goals.

Faculty perceptions of facilitating self-regulation in online coursework at a public university: A case study

Online course enrollments continue to increase, and even more online courses are now offered as a result of the pandemic (O'Keefe et al., 2020). Although some students succeed in online courses (Battalio, 2009;Murray et al., 2012), most either earn low grades or do not complete the courses (Angelino et al., 2007;Wilson & Allen, 2011). Some courses are more successful than others in facilitating the learning process for online students (O'Keefe et al., 2020;Johnson, N. et al., 2020). Self-regulation has proven to be a key feature for online learning (Carvalho, Sana, & Yan, 2020). One way to explain this issue is through the theory of self-regulation. Tabak and Nguyen (2013) developed a conceptual model of self-regulation in online learning environments that contains components from three theories: Self-Regulation Model from Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory (1991), Technology Acceptance Model (Davis, 1989), and the Five Factor Model of Personality (Barrick & Mount, 2005). Tabak and Nguyen's (2013) model explains self-regulation in an online learning environment as a continuous looping system and accounts for the roles and interaction of intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors, perceived ease of use and perceived usage as antecedent effects on the forethought, performance, and self-reflection phases of self-regulated learning. This qualitative case study uses constructionism to explore the significance of the modifications effective instructors made to course design and to the student learning factors and processes in their online courses that facilitated self-regulated learning. This case occurred during the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings in this study indicate instructors used course design modifications exemplifying support for and facilitation of learning processes so students were able to progress through the overall learning process smoothly. The results of this study could provide key insights for online educators to better support student self-regulation in online courses and may also provide educators with possible improvements in course construction, academic support, and time saving measures connected to online students and online courses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Purchase Behavior of Generation Z for New-Brand Beauty Products: Exploring the Role of Blockchain

Consumers get innumerable product options, making it crucial to study their selection among brands v/s new brands. The study explores how in a post covid world, the online purchase behavior of Generation Z female consumers is impacted for new-brand beauty products. Using qualitative methods, the authors explored the online purchase behavior of Generation Z females for the purchase of beauty products in emerging economies and how blockchain technology (BCT) can play a crucial role in influencing consumer decision-making. Five focus group discussions were conducted. The study’s findings reveal four key themes – “It's too hard to be an innovator,” “Online stigma,” “New brand reservations,” and “BCT and new brands purchase decisions.” The authors portray that generation Z consumers don’t feel competent enough to buy new brands online without extrinsic motivation. They do not entirely trust the information marketers provide them in the current form. They are expected to buy new brands online if the authenticity of the complete product details can be verified using blockchain mechanisms.